Constant K Filter | Prototype Filter

pi configuration of band stop constant k filter

In this filter, the series and shunt impedances ( and  ) are such that, (constant) where  is a real number and independent of frequency. It is conventionally known as the design impedance of the section. Any filter, where this relationship is maintained is known as constant K or prototype filter. It can also be classified utilizing low pass, high pass, bandpass, and bandstop configuration. Constant K Low Pass Filter (LPF) It is the simplest type of filter which allows all frequencies, up to the specified cut-off frequency, to pass through…

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Unbalanced Three-Phase Loads

Unbalanced Three-Phase Loads

Unbalanced Three-Phase Loads When the loads in all the three phases of either star or delta connection are not identical to each other in all respects, they are called unbalanced three-phase loads (Figure 1). The phase currents in delta and phase or line current in star connection differ in unbalanced loading giving rise to a flow of neutral current. Obviously, at star point in any star connection. Check out the article on Balanced Three-Phase Load (neutral current) and for three-phase balanced loads , while for three-phase unbalanced loading is a…

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Balanced Three Phase Load

measure power in three phase balanced load

A three phase balanced voltage is applied on a balanced three phase load when the current in each of the phases lags by an angle behind the corresponding phase voltages. From Figure 1 current through current coil of , current through a current coil of , while potential difference across voltage coil of (line voltage), and the potential difference across voltage coil of Also, a phase difference between and is while that between and is [Refer to figure 2] Thus reading on wattmeter is given by while reading on wattmeter…

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Relation Between Line Voltage and Phase Voltage in Delta Connection

Relation Between Line Voltage and Phase Voltage in Delta Connection

In the article “Relation Between Line Voltage and Phase Voltage in Delta Connection” we will discuss about line voltage and phase voltage in delta connection. We will also discuss about line current and phase current and at the end we will also drive the equation of power in delta connection. It may be observed from Figure 1 of the delta that currents in each line are the vector difference of two-phase currents flowing through the line (i.e., the vector difference of corresponding phase currents.) Figure 1: Vector resolution of currents…

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Relation Between Line Voltage and Phase Voltage in Star Connection

Diagrammatic view of the star connection

In the article “relation between line voltage and phase voltage in star connection” we will discuss about relationship between line voltage and phase voltage. Similarly we will also discuss about line current and phase current and power in star connection. Relation Between Line Voltage and Phase Voltage in Star Connection Let represent the phase voltages in Figure 1, while the line voltages are given by . Let It may be observed that the line voltage is the vector difference of and or the vector sum and (reversed) i.e, (Refer to…

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Three Phase Circuit Analysis

graphical representation of three phase circuit analysis

In the article “Three Phase Circuit analysis”, we will discuss about about introduction, graphical representation, connection and advantage of three phase circuit. Introduction of Three Phase Circuit Analysis A three phase electric system may be considered as three separate single phase systems phase displaced from each other by radians and the peaks of the respective voltages do not occur simultaneously. Figure 1 represents the graphical pattern of voltages in a three phase system. Figure 1: Graphical representation of three phase system The common configuration of inter-connections in a three phase…

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Example of Sinusoidal Response of Parallel RLC Circuit

figure 7 of Example of Sinusoidal Response of Parallel RLC Circuit

In this article we will solve various Example of Sinusoidal Response of Parallel RLC Circuit. EXAMPLE 1. Two impedances are connected in parallel across an a.c. 50 Hz supply and taking currents respectively. The supply current being Is, find the value of r.m.s. and instantaneous current in provided Solution: Since, [in parallel branch circuit, main vector is sum of branch currents] Thus, r.m.s. value of the current in ; In order to find the instantaneous value, let us first obtain the peak current i.e., which is actually At system frequency…

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Example of Sinusoidal Response of Parallel RL and RC

Example of Sinusoidal Response of Parallel RL and RC

In the article Example of Sinusoidal Response of Parallel RL and RC we will solve various example of sinusoidal response of parallel rl and rc with solution. EXAMPLE 1. In Figure 1 . Find . Also obtain  . Figure 1 Solution: And, Now, And, Here, Also, EXAMPLE 2: In the circuit of Figure 2, R dissipates power of 10 W. If |I|=0.5 A . find the current drawn by the capacitor and its value. Figure 2 Solution: Also, = Also, . EXAMPLE 3: A resistor is connected in parallel with…

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Example of Series and Parallel AC Circuit

In the article “Example of Series and Parallel AC Circuit” we will solve various example of Sinusoidal response of series and parallel Circuit. EXAMPLE 1.  In the network shown in Fig 1, find when a 200V AC 50 Hz voltage is applied at the input. Figure 1 Solution From Figure 1, However, Thus, However, Thus, This gives By current division formula, and Thus, EXAMPLE 2. In Figure 2, Figure 2 Solution: Applying KCL at nodes(A), or, Figure 3 [Figure 3 represents the phasor diagram where ; Now, And, -ve angle…

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Example of Sinusoidal Response of Series RLC Circuit

example 17 of Example of Sinusoidal Response of Series RLC Circuit

In the article “Example of Sinusoidal Response of Series RLC Circuit” we will solve various example of Sinusoidal response of series RLC Circuit. EXAMPLE 1.  A series RLC circuit has R=10 . A 100 V, 50 Hz supply is applied across the circuit. Find the input current and voltage across the elements. Solution: Here, And, Now, Also, EXAMPLE 2. In a series RLC circuit, an AC voltage of is applied at a frequency of 400 rad/sec. The input current leads the voltage by. Find the value of R if L=25…

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